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Mammogram

Overview & Description

A mammogram is a type of X-ray for the breasts. A screening mammogram usually involves two X-rays of each breast. A diagnostic mammogram involves more X-rays.

Who is a candidate for the test?

A screening mammogram is generally used to detect breast cancer or other changes in the breast tissue in women who do not have symptoms.

A diagnostic mammogram may be ordered when a screening mammogram shows something abnormal in the breast. It may also be ordered if the woman has symptoms, such as the following:

  • a discharge from the nipple other than breast milk
  • a lump or swelling in the breast or underarm area
  • nipple pain
  • redness or scaliness of the nipple or breast skin
  • retraction, or turning inward, of the nipple
  • skin irritation or dimpling
  • Breast cancer screening with mammograms has reduced deaths from breast cancer in women 40 to 69 years of age.

    How is the test performed?

    For a screening mammography, the woman undresses to the waist and puts on a gown that opens from the front. The technologist places one breast on an X-ray film cassette, which resembles a metal shelf. The woman rests her breast on the film cassette. Usually the woman stands during this procedure.

    A plastic paddle briefly squeezes the breast from above to flatten it out. This allows a clearer X-ray to be taken. Two views are usually taken of each breast for a screening mammogram. A diagnostic mammogram requires more views and more detail than the screening exam. With modern mammography equipment used specifically for breast X-rays, very low levels of radiation are used.

    New techniques are being studied in a search for better diagnosis of breast abnormalities. Examples of these new techniques include the following:

  • digital mammography, which records images in computer code instead of on X-ray film
  • MRI imaging, which uses a large magnet and radio frequencies to produce pictures of the breast tissue
  • positron emission tomography, or PET, which uses radioactive materials to create computer images
  • radionuclides, which uses contrast agents
  • ultrasound, which uses ultrasound waves instead of X-rays

  • Preparation & Expectations

    What is involved in preparation for the test?

    It is recommended that a mammogram be scheduled one week after a woman's last period. Women should not wear powder, deodorant, lotion, or perfume under the arms or on the breasts. Wearing a two-piece outfit is suggested. Prior to the exam, all jewelry and metal objects need to be removed.


    Results and Values

    What do the test results mean?

    A mammogram can detect breast cancer, often before a lump can be felt. A mammogram may also show the following conditions:

  • calcifications, or mineral deposits
  • cysts, or fluid-filled masses
  • leaking breast implants
  • noncancerous tumors or growths


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